Imisebe engabonakali, umthwalo obonakalayo
Ngo-1:23 ekuseni ngo-April 26, 1986, izakhamuzi zasePripyat enyakatho ye-Ukraine zavuswa umsindo omkhulu. I-Reactor No. 4 yeSikhungo Senuzi saseChernobyl saqhuma, futhi amathani angu-50 kaphethiloli enuzi ahwamuka ngaso leso sikhathi, akhipha imisebe ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-400 kunebhomu le-athomu laseHiroshima. Abasebenzi abasebenza esikhungweni samandla enuzi kanye nabacimi bomlilo bokuqala abafika bachayeka kuma-roentgens angu-30,000 emisebe ebulalayo ngehora ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isivikelo - futhi ama-roentgens angu-400 amuncwa umzimba womuntu anele ukuba abulale.
Le nhlekelele yaqala ingozi yenuzi embi kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu. Abacimi bomlilo abangu-28 babulawa yi-acute radiation disease ezinyangeni ezintathu ezilandelayo. Bafa ngobuhlungu obukhulu besikhumba esimnyama, izilonda emlonyeni, nokuqothuka kwezinwele. Ngemva kwamahora angu-36 kwenzeke ingozi, izakhamuzi ezingu-130,000 ziphoqeleke ukuba ziphume ezindlini zazo.
Eminyakeni engu-25 kamuva, ngo-March 11, 2011, umnyombo we-Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant eJapane wancibilika ngenxa ye-tsunami eyabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba. Igagasi elingamamitha angu-14 ukuphakama laphula udonga lolwandle, futhi ama-reactor amathathu aqhuma ngokulandelana, futhi ama-becquerel ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-180 e-cesium 137 enemisebe atheleka ngaso leso sikhathi oLwandlekazini iPacific. Kuze kube namuhla, isikhungo samandla enuzi sisagcina ama-cubic metres angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1.2 zamanzi angcolile anemisebe, abe inkemba yamaDamocle elenga phezu kwemvelo yasolwandle.
Ukuhlukumezeka okungapholi
Ngemva kwengozi yaseChernobyl, indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-2,600 yaba indawo ehlala yodwa. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi kuzothatha amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka ukuqeda ngokuphelele imisebe yenuzi endaweni, futhi ezinye izindawo zingase zidinge iminyaka engu-200 000 yokuhlanzwa kwemvelo ukuze zihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuhlala kwabantu.
Ngokusho kweZizwe Ezihlangene, ingozi yaseChernobyl yabangela:
93,000 abafa
Bangu-270,000 abantu abahlushwa izifo ezinjengomdlavuza
Indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-155,000 yayingcolisiwe
Abantu abayizigidi ezingu-8.4 bathintwa imisebe
E-Fukushima, nakuba iziphathimandla zathi imisebe emanzini azungezile yehle "izinga eliphephile", ososayensi basathola ama-isotopes anemisebe efana ne-carbon 14, i-cobalt 60 ne-strontium 90 emanzini angcolile aphathwayo ngo-2019. Lezi zinto zinothiswa kalula ezintweni eziphilayo zasolwandle, futhi ukuhlushwa kwe-cobalt 0 kungakhuphuka nge-0 sedi ye-0 0 olwandle kungakhuphuka nge-060 ye-cobalt 0. izikhathi.
Izinsongo ezingabonakali kanye nokuvikelwa okubonakalayo
Kulezi zinhlekelele, usongo olukhulu luvela ngokunembile emisebeni engabonakali ngeso lomuntu. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zengozi yaseChernobyl, kwakungekho ngisho nelilodwa ithuluzi elalikwazi ukulinganisa ngokunembile amanani emisebe, okwaphumela ekubeni inqwaba yabatakuli bachayeke emisebeni ebulalayo ngaphandle kokwazi.
Yilezi zifundo ezibuhlungu eziye zaholela ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha imisebe. Namuhla, imishini enembile nethembekile yokuqapha imisebe isiphenduke "amehlo" kanye "nezindlebe" zokuphepha kwesikhungo senuzi, yakha umgoqo wezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwezinsongo ezingabonakali nokuphepha kwabantu.
Umgomo we-Shanghai Renji ukudala leli pheya "lamehlo" ukuvikela ukuphepha kwabantu. Siyazi ukuthi:
• Zonke izilinganiso ezinembile zama-microsieverts zingasindisa ukuphila
• Zonke izixwayiso ezifika ngesikhathi zingagwema inhlekelele yemvelo
• Yonke imishini ethembekile ivikela ikhaya lethu esivamile
Kusukaimishini yokuqapha imisebe yemvelo neyesifunda to amathuluzi okuqapha imisebe ephathekayo, kusukela emishinini yokulinganisa ilabhorethri kuya kumadivayisi ajwayelekile emisebe ye-ionizing, kusukela ezintweni zokuvikela emisebeni kuya ezinkundleni zesofthiwe zokuqapha imisebe, kusukela kumathuluzi okuthola umsakazo wohlobo lwesiteshi kuya kumathuluzi okuqapha izimo eziphuthumayo zenuzi kanye nokuphepha, ulayini womkhiqizo we-Renji uhlanganisa zonke izici zokuqapha ukuphepha kwenuzi. Ubuchwepheshe bethu bungathola amanani amancane kakhulu ezinto ezikhipha imisebe, njengokukhomba ngokunembile iconsi lamanzi angajwayelekile endaweni yokubhukuda evamile.
Ukuzalwa kabusha enhlekeleleni: Ubuchwepheshe buvikela ikusasa
Ezindaweni ezingafakwanga eChernobyl, izimpisi zashintsha izakhi zofuzo ezilwa nomdlavuza, futhi izindlela zabo zokuzivikela ezifweni zasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemithi emisha, okufakazela ukuthi izinhlekelele zikhuthaza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuguquguqukayo. Ngaphansi komthunzi wezinhlekelele zenuzi, inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo akudalanga nje isimangaliso sokuvikela ukuphila, kodwa futhi kwalungisa kabusha ikusasa lokuhlalisana kwabantu nemisebe. Sikholelwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe nokuzibophezela kungadala izimangaliso ukuvikela impilo.
Ngemva kwengozi yaseFukushima, ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe lososayensi lasungula inethiwekhi yokuqapha imisebe ye-trans-Pacific. Ngemishini yokuthola ebucayi kakhulu, izindlela zokusabalalisa ze-cesium 134 kanye ne-cesium 137 zalandelelwa, okuhlinzeka ngedatha ebalulekile yocwaningo lwemvelo yasolwandle. Lo moya wokubambisana womhlaba wonke kanye nokuvikelwa kwezobuchwepheshe uyilona gugu elikhuthazwa uRenji.
Umbono we-Shanghai Renji ucacile: ukuba ngumsunguli we-ecology emisha emkhakheni wokuthola imisebe. "Ukusebenzela umphakathi ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe nokudala indawo entsha yokuphepha emisebeni" kuwumsebenzi wethu.
Yenza konke ukusetshenziswa kwamandla enuzi kuphephe futhi kuyalawuleka, futhi wenze yonke ingozi yemisebe ibonakale ngokucacile. Asihlinzeki nje kuphela ngemishini, kodwa futhi sihlinzeka ngohlu olugcwele lwezixazululo kusukela ekuqaphelweni kuya ekuhlaziyweni, ukuze ubuchwepheshe benuzi buzuzise isintu ngokuphepha.
Ibhalwe ekugcineni
Izinhlekelele zenuzi ezingokomlando ziyasixwayisa: amandla enuzi anjengenkemba esika nhlangothi zombili. Kuphela ngokwesaba nesihlangu sobuchwepheshe lapho singasebenzisa amandla alo.
Eduze kwamanxiwa aseChernobyl, ihlathi elisha likhula ngokuzimisela. Ogwini lwaseFukushima, abadobi baphinde baphonsa amanetha abo okudoba ethemba. Zonke izinyathelo isintu esizithathayo kule nhlekelele asinakuhlukaniswa nokunamathela ekuphepheni nasekuthembeni kwezobuchwepheshe.
U-Shanghai Renji uzimisele ukuba umnakekeli kulolu hambo olude - ukwakha umugqa wokuphepha onamathuluzi anembayo kanye nokuvikela isithunzi sempilo ngokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ngoba zonke izilinganiso ze-milriroentgen ziphethe inhlonipho yokuphila; Ukuthula konke kwe-alamu kuwukuhlonipha ukuhlakanipha komuntu.
Imisebe ayibonakali, kodwa ukuvikeleka kuvinjelwe!
Imisebe engabonakali, umthwalo obonakalayo
Ngo-1:23 ekuseni ngo-April 26, 1986, izakhamuzi zasePripyat enyakatho ye-Ukraine zavuswa umsindo omkhulu. I-Reactor No. 4 yeSikhungo Senuzi saseChernobyl saqhuma, futhi amathani angu-50 kaphethiloli enuzi ahwamuka ngaso leso sikhathi, akhipha imisebe ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-400 kunebhomu le-athomu laseHiroshima. Abasebenzi abasebenza esikhungweni samandla enuzi kanye nabacimi bomlilo bokuqala abafika bachayeka kuma-roentgens angu-30,000 emisebe ebulalayo ngehora ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isivikelo - futhi ama-roentgens angu-400 amuncwa umzimba womuntu anele ukuba abulale.
Le nhlekelele yaqala ingozi yenuzi embi kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu. Abacimi bomlilo abangu-28 babulawa yi-acute radiation disease ezinyangeni ezintathu ezilandelayo. Bafa ngobuhlungu obukhulu besikhumba esimnyama, izilonda emlonyeni, nokuqothuka kwezinwele. Ngemva kwamahora angu-36 kwenzeke ingozi, izakhamuzi ezingu-130,000 ziphoqeleke ukuba ziphume ezindlini zazo.
Eminyakeni engu-25 kamuva, ngo-March 11, 2011, umnyombo we-Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant eJapane wancibilika ngenxa ye-tsunami eyabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba. Igagasi elingamamitha angu-14 ukuphakama laphula udonga lolwandle, futhi ama-reactor amathathu aqhuma ngokulandelana, futhi ama-becquerel ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-180 e-cesium 137 enemisebe atheleka ngaso leso sikhathi oLwandlekazini iPacific. Kuze kube namuhla, isikhungo samandla enuzi sisagcina ama-cubic metres angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1.2 zamanzi angcolile anemisebe, abe inkemba yamaDamocle elenga phezu kwemvelo yasolwandle.
Ukuhlukumezeka okungapholi
Ngemva kwengozi yaseChernobyl, indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-2,600 yaba indawo ehlala yodwa. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi kuzothatha amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka ukuqeda ngokuphelele imisebe yenuzi endaweni, futhi ezinye izindawo zingase zidinge iminyaka engu-200 000 yokuhlanzwa kwemvelo ukuze zihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuhlala kwabantu.
Ngokusho kweZizwe Ezihlangene, ingozi yaseChernobyl yabangela:
93,000 abafa
Bangu-270,000 abantu abahlushwa izifo ezinjengomdlavuza
Indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-155,000 yayingcolisiwe
Abantu abayizigidi ezingu-8.4 bathintwa imisebe
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-20-2025