Ukuqapha imisebe kuyisici esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukuphepha ezindaweni lapho imisebe ye-ionizing ikhona. Imisebe ye-ionizing, ehlanganisa imisebe ye-gamma ekhishwa ama-isotopes njenge-cesium-137, ibeka izingozi ezinkulu zempilo, okudinga izindlela zokuqapha eziphumelelayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso nezindlela zokuqapha imisebe, igxile kubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswayo, nokunye.ri-adiationmonitoringdama-evicesesetshenziswa kakhulu .
Ukuqonda Imisebe Nemiphumela Yayo
Imisebe ye-ionizing ibonakala ngokukwazi kwayo ukususa ama-electron aboshwe ngokuqinile kuma-athomu, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe noma ama-ion. Le nqubo ingabangela ukulimala ezicutshini zebhayoloji, okungase kubangele i-acute radiation syndrome noma imiphumela yezempilo yesikhathi eside njengomdlavuza. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha amazinga emisebe kubalulekile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izikhungo zezokwelapha, izimboni zamandla enuzi, nezindawo zokuhlola emngceleni.
Izimiso Zokuqapha Imisebe
Umgomo oyisisekelo wokuqapha imisebe uhlanganisa ukuthola kanye nokulinganisa ubukhona bemisebe ye-ionizing endaweni ethile. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusetshenziswa kwemitshina ehlukahlukene esabela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zemisebe, okuhlanganisa izinhlayiya ze-alpha, izinhlayiya ze-beta, imisebe ye-gamma, nama-neutron. Ukukhethwa komtshina kuncike ekusetshenzisweni okuqondile kanye nohlobo lwemisebe egadwayo.
Imitshina Esetshenziswa Ekuqapheni Imisebe
1. I-Plastic Scintillators:
Ama-Plastic scintillator ayizitholi eziguquguqukayo ezingasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zokuqapha imisebe. Imvelo yabo engasindi futhi eqinile ibenza bafaneleke kumadivayisi aphathekayo. Lapho imisebe ye-gamma ihlangana ne-scintillator, ikhiqiza imisebe yokukhanya engatholwa futhi ibalwe. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ukuqashwa okusebenzayo kwamazinga emisebe ngesikhathi sangempela, okwenza ama-scintillator epulasitiki abe yinketho ethandwayoRPMizinhlelo.
2. I-He-3 Gas Proportional Counter:
I-He-3 gas proportional counter yakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukutholwa kwe-neutron. Isebenza ngokugcwalisa igumbi ngegesi ye-helium-3, ezwelayo ekusebenzisaneni kwe-neutron. Lapho i-neutron ingqubuzana ne-helium-3 nucleus, ikhiqiza izinhlayiya ezikhokhiswayo ezifaka i-ionize igesi, okuholela esignali kagesi elinganisekayo. Lolu hlobo lomtshina lubalulekile ezindaweni lapho imisebe ye-neutron ikhathaza khona, njengezindawo zenuzi namalabhorethri ocwaningo.
3. Izihloli ze-Sodium Iodide (NaI):
Izitholi ze-sodium iodide zisetshenziswa kakhulu ku-gamma-ray spectroscopy kanye nokuhlonza i-nuclide. Lezi zitholi zenziwe ngekristalu ye-sodium iodide ehlanganiswe ne-thallium, ekhipha ukukhanya lapho imisebe ye-gamma ihlangana nekristalu. Isibani esikhishiwe sibe sesiguqulelwa isignali kagesi, okuvumela ukuhlonza ama-isotopes athile ngokusekelwe kusiginesha yawo yamandla. Izitholi ze-NaI zibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukukhonjwa okunembile kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe.
4. Izibali zeTube ze-Geiger-Müller (GM):
Izibali ze-GM tube ziphakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu zokuxwayisa abantu ezisetshenziselwa ukuqapha imisebe. Asebenza ngempumelelo ekutholeni ama-X-ray kanye nemisebe ye-gamma. I-tube ye-GM isebenza ngokufaka i-ionizing igesi ngaphakathi kwepayipi lapho imisebe idlula kuyo, okuholela ekushayeni kukagesi okulinganiswayo. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-dosimeter omuntu siqu kanye namamitha okuhlola aphathwa ngesandla, bunikeza impendulo esheshayo ngamaleveli okuchayeka emisebeni.
Isidingo Sokuqapha Imisebe Empilweni Yansuku zonke
Ukuqapha imisebe akugcini ezikhungweni ezikhethekile; kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuba khona kwemisebe yemvelo engemuva, kanye nemithombo yokwenziwa evela ezinqubweni zezokwelapha kanye nezicelo zezimboni, kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha komphakathi. Izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhumulo zemikhumbi, nezindawo zokungenisa impahla kufakwe izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zokuqapha imisebe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthuthwa okungekho emthethweni kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe, ngaleyo ndlela kuvikela kokubili umphakathi nendawo ezungezile.
NgokujwayelekileUsedRi-adiationMonitoringDama-evices
1. I-Radiation Portal Monitor (RPM):
Ama-RPMziyizinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi eziklanyelwe ukuqapha okuzenzakalelayo kwesikhathi sangempela kwemisebe ye-gamma nama-neutron. Ngokuvamile zifakwa ezindaweni zokungena njengezikhumulo zezindiza, ezikhumulweni zemikhumbi, nasezikhungweni zentela ukuze kutholwe ukuthuthwa okungekho emthethweni kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe. Ama-RPM ngokuvamile asebenzisa ama-scintillator epulasitiki evolumu enkulu, asebenza ngempumelelo ekutholeni imisebe ye-gamma ngenxa yokuzwela kwayo okuphezulu nesikhathi sokuphendula esisheshayo. Inqubo ye-scintillation ihilela ukukhishwa kokukhanya lapho imisebe ihlangana nezinto zepulasitiki, eziguqulwa zibe isignali kagesi ukuze ihlaziywe.Ukwengeza, amashubhu e-neutron kanye nezitholi ze-sodium iodide zingafakwa ngaphakathi kwemishini ukuze kusebenze ukusebenza okwengeziwe.
2. I-Radioisotope Identification Device (RIID):
(RIID)iyithuluzi lokuqapha lenuzi elisekelwe kumtshina we-sodium iodide kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bedijithali bokucubungula i-nuclear pulse waveform.Leli thuluzi lihlanganisa umtshina we-sodium iodide (i-potassium ephansi), alihlinzeki nje kuphela ukutholwa komthamo olinganayo womthamo wendawo kanye nokwenza indawo komthombo ngemisebe kodwa futhi Ukukhonjwa kwamanuclide amaningi emvelo nawokwenziwa.
3.I-Electronic Personal Dosimeter (EPD):
Idosimitha yomuntu siquiyithuluzi elihlangene, eligqokekayo lokuqapha imisebe elakhelwe abasebenzi abasebenza ezindaweni ezingaba nemisebe. Ngokujwayelekile kusetshenziswa umtshina weshubhu we-Geiger-Müller (GM), ifomu layo elincane livumela ukugqokwa kwesikhathi eside okuqhubekayo kokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela somthamo wemisebe enqwabelene kanye nezinga lomthamo. Uma ukuchayeka kudlula imikhawulo ye-alamu esethiwe, idivayisi ngokushesha yazisa umuntu oyifakile, imbonise ukuthi akaphume endaweni eyingozi.
Isiphetho
Kafushane, ukuqapha ngemisebe kuwumkhuba obalulekile osebenzisa izitholi ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha ezindaweni lapho imisebe ye-ionizing ikhona. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Radiation Portal Monitors, ama-plastic scintillator, izinto zokubala ezilinganisa igesi ye-He-3, izithonjana ze-sodium iodide, nezibali zamashubhu e-GM zibonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezitholakalayo zokuthola nokulinganisa imisebe. Ukuqonda izimiso nobuchwepheshe obusekela ukuqapha kwemisebe kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yomphakathi kanye nokugcina amazinga okuphepha emikhakheni eyahlukene. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zokuqapha imisebe ngokungangabazeki kuzothuthuka, kuthuthukise ngokwengeziwe amandla ethu okubona nokusabela ezinsongweni zemisebe ngesikhathi sangempela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-24-2025