Yiziphi izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokubola kwe-radioactive? Singazivikela kanjani emiphumeleni eyingozi yemisebe ewumphumela?
Kuye ngohlobo lwezinhlayiya noma amaza akhishwa i-nucleus ukuze izinze, kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokubola kwe-radioactive okuholela emisebeni ye-ionizing. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu yizinhlayiya ze-alpha, izinhlayiya ze-beta, imisebe ye-gamma nama-neutron.
I-alpha radiation
Ukubola kwe-Alpha (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Emisebeni ye-alpha, i-nuclei ebolayo ikhulula izinhlayiya ezinzima, ezishajwe kahle ukuze zizinze. Lezi zinhlayiya azikwazi ukungena esikhunjeni sethu ukuze zenze umonakalo futhi ngokuvamile zingamiswa ngokusebenzisa ngisho nephepha elilodwa.
Kodwa-ke, uma izinto ze-alpha-emitting zingeniswa emzimbeni ngokuphefumula, ukudla, noma ukuphuza, zingadalula izicubu zangaphakathi ngokuqondile futhi zingalimaza impilo.
I-Americium-241 iyisibonelo se-athomu ebola ngezinhlayiya ze-alpha, futhi isetshenziswa kuzitholi zentuthu emhlabeni wonke.
Imisebe ye-Beta
Ukubola kwe-Beta (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Emisebeni ye-beta, i-nuclei ikhipha izinhlayiya ezincane (ama-electron) angena kakhulu kunezinhlayiya ze-alpha futhi angadlula, isb, amasentimitha angu-1-2 wamanzi, kuye ngamandla azo. Ngokuvamile, ishidi le-aluminium eliwugqinsi olungamamilimitha ambalwa lingamisa imisebe ye-beta.
Amanye ama-athomu angazinzile akhipha imisebe ye-beta ahlanganisa i-hydrogen-3 (tritium) ne-carbon-14. I-Tritium isetshenziswa, phakathi kokunye, ezibanini zezimo eziphuthumayo ukuze isibonelo imakwe ukuphuma ebumnyameni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imisebe ye-beta evela ku-tritium ibangela okokusebenza kwe-phosphor ukuthi kukhanye lapho imisebe ihlangana, ngaphandle kukagesi. I-Carbon-14 isetshenziselwa, isibonelo, ukudethi izinto zesikhathi esedlule.
Imisebe yeGamma
Imisebe ye-Gamma (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Imisebe ye-Gamma, esebenza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengokwelapha umdlavuza, iyimisebe kazibuthe kagesi, efana ne-X ray. Eminye imisebe ye-gamma idlula emzimbeni womuntu ngaphandle kokulimaza, kuyilapho eminye imuncwa umzimba futhi ingase ibangele umonakalo. Ukuqina kwemisebe ye-gamma kungancishiswa kube amazinga abeka ingozi encane ngezindonga eziwugqinsi zikakhonkolo noma umthofu. Yingakho izindonga zamagumbi okulashelwa i-radiotherapy ezibhedlela zeziguli ezinomdlavuza ziwugqinsi.
Ama-Neutron
I-nuclear fission ngaphakathi kwereactor yenuzi yisibonelo sokusabela kweketango lemisebe elisekelwa ama-neutron (Umdwebo: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Ama-Neutron ayizinhlayiya ezinkulu kakhulu ezingenye yezakhi eziyinhloko ze-nucleus. Azikhokhiswanga ngakho-ke azikhiqizi i-ionization ngqo. Kodwa ukusebenzisana kwazo nama-athomu ezinto kungadala ama-alpha-, i-beta-, i-gamma- noma ama-X-ray, abese ephumela ekwenziweni kwe-ionization. Amaneutron ayangena futhi angamiswa kuphela uquqaba oluwugqinsi lukakhonkolo, amanzi noma upharafini.
Amaneutron angakhiqizwa ngezindlela eziningi, isibonelo kuma-reactors enuzi noma ekuphenduleni kwenuzi okuqalwa yizinhlayiya zamandla aphezulu emisebe ye-accelerator. I-Neutron ingamela umthombo obalulekile wemisebe ye-ionizing ngokungaqondile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-11-2022